while
loops¶for
loops iterate over a pre-determined sequence and stop at the end of the sequence.
while
loops are useful when we don't know in advance when to stop.
while
loop that depends on user input¶prompt = 'Please enter your name (type quit to exit): '
name = input(prompt)
while (name.lower() != 'quit'):
print('Hi,', name)
name = input(prompt)
print('Goodbye')
Please enter your name (type quit to exit): Andy Hi, Andy Please enter your name (type quit to exit): quit Goodbye
while
loop that depends on argument value¶def printHalves(n):
while n > 0:
print(n)
n = n//2
printHalves(100)
100 50 25 12 6 3 1
printHalves(22)
22 11 5 2 1
printHalves(75)
75 37 18 9 4 2 1
We sometimes might wrongly write an infinite loop, one that never ends. In these cases, use Ctrl+C to break out of the loop.
def printHalves2(n):
"""Attempts to print positive successive halves of n.
"""
while n > 0:
print(n)
n = n//2
NOTE: In the Notebook, it might not be possible sometimes to break the loop, even with Kernel|Interrupt. In this case, close the tab and open it again.
printHalves2(22)
22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- KeyboardInterrupt Traceback (most recent call last) <ipython-input-6-d9bd8ec096bf> in <module> ----> 1 printHalves2(22) <ipython-input-5-cbf4a1cb1a44> in printHalves2(n) 3 """ 4 while n > 0: ----> 5 print(n) 6 n = n//2 /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/ipykernel/iostream.py in write(self, string) 402 is_child = (not self._is_master_process()) 403 # only touch the buffer in the IO thread to avoid races --> 404 self.pub_thread.schedule(lambda : self._buffer.write(string)) 405 if is_child: 406 # mp.Pool cannot be trusted to flush promptly (or ever), /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/ipykernel/iostream.py in schedule(self, f) 203 self._events.append(f) 204 # wake event thread (message content is ignored) --> 205 self._event_pipe.send(b'') 206 else: 207 f() /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/zmq/sugar/socket.py in send(self, data, flags, copy, track, routing_id, group) 489 copy_threshold=self.copy_threshold) 490 data.group = group --> 491 return super(Socket, self).send(data, flags=flags, copy=copy, track=track) 492 493 def send_multipart(self, msg_parts, flags=0, copy=True, track=False, **kwargs): zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket.Socket.send() zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket.Socket.send() zmq/backend/cython/socket.pyx in zmq.backend.cython.socket._send_copy() /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/zmq/backend/cython/checkrc.pxd in zmq.backend.cython.checkrc._check_rc() KeyboardInterrupt:
It is common to use a while
loop in conjunction with one or more accumulators = variables that accumulate results from processing the elements of a sequence.
Here is a sumHalves
function that takes an nonnegative integer and returns the sum of the values printed by printHalves
.
def sumHalves(n):
"""Accumulates the sum of elements that are halves of the preceding numbers.
"""
sumSoFar = 0
while n > 0:
sumSoFar += n
n = n//2
return sumSoFar
sumHalves(22)
41
sumBetween
¶Define a function sumBetween
that takes two integer parameters lo
and hi
and returns the sum of the integers between lo
and hi
(inclusive).
sumBetween(4, 8)
returns 30 (4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8)
def sumBetween(lo, hi):
# Your code here
sumSoFar = 0 # accumulator varible
while lo <= hi:
sumSoFar += lo # update state variables
lo += 1
return sumSoFar # return accumulator
sumBetween(4, 8)
30
Define a function concatAll
that takes a list of strings and returns a single string that is the result of concatenating all the strings in the list.
It will be very similar to the sumListFor
function above.
NOTE: Think carefully about the initial value of the accumulator. It cannot be an integer value.
beatles = ['John','Paul','George', 'Ringo']
concatAll(beatles)
'JohnPaulGeorgeRingo'
def concatAll(elts):
# Your code here
stringSoFar = "" # initialize accumulator
for item in elts:
stringSoFar += item # update accumulator
return stringSoFar
Test your concatAll
function below:
beatles = ['John','Paul','George','Ringo']
bugs = ['spiders','bees','mosquitoes','dragonflies']
print(concatAll(beatles))
print(concatAll(bugs))
JohnPaulGeorgeRingo spidersbeesmosquitoesdragonflies
Define a function that returns the number of occurrences of a string in a list of strings. Here are some examples of how the function behaves:
sentence = 'the cat that ate the mouse liked the dog that played with the ball'
print countOf('the', sentence.split())
print countOf('that', sentence.split())
print countOf('jerry', sentence.split())
4
2
0
As you can see the word the
occurs 4 times in the sentence, that
occurs 2 times, and jerry
0 times.
ASIDE: What is split
? This is a method that operates on string values. It takes a big string and slits it at the space characters.
sentence = 'the cat that ate the mouse liked the dog that played with the ball'
print(sentence.split())
['the', 'cat', 'that', 'ate', 'the', 'mouse', 'liked', 'the', 'dog', 'that', 'played', 'with', 'the', 'ball']
def countOf(val, elts):
# Your code here
counter = 0 # initialize accumulator
for item in elts:
if item == val:
counter += 1 # update accumulator
return counter
print(countOf('the', sentence.split()))
print(countOf('that', sentence.split()))
print(countOf('jerry', sentence.split()))
4 2 0
Sometimes, you do not need to iterate through all elements to determine your result.
When a loop is in a function, return can be used to exit the loop early (e.g., before it visits all the elements in a list).
def isElementOf(val, elts):
"""A predicate that returns True if val is and elements of elts,
and False otherwise."""
for e in elts:
if e == val:
return True # as soon as you find it, exit and return True
return False # can only get here if never find val in elts
And now test the predicate isElementOf
:
sentence = 'the cat that ate the mouse liked the dog that played with the ball'
print('cat:', isElementOf('cat', sentence.split()))
print('bunny:', isElementOf('bunny', sentence.split()))
cat: True bunny: False
When using early return, it's easy to make a mistake and return earlier than you want. Below are two examples of early return done wrong.
def isElementOfBroken(val, elts):
'''Faulty version that returns True if val is found
in elts; False otherwise'''
for e in elts:
if e == val:
return True
else:
return False
print('is 2 in [2,6,1])?', isElementOfBroken(2, [2, 6, 1])) # Returns True
print('is 6 in [2,6,1])?', isElementOfBroken(6, [2, 6, 1])) # Returns False, which is incorrect. Why?
is 2 in [2,6,1])? True is 6 in [2,6,1])? False
def sumHalvesBroken(n):
'''Broken version of returns sum of halves of n'''
sumSoFar = 0
while n > 0:
sumSoFar = sumSoFar + n # or sumSoFar += n
n = n//2
return sumSoFar # wrong indentation!
# exits function after first
# loop iteration. Sometimes we
# want this, but not here!
sumHalvesBroken(22) # Want this to return 41, but it returns 22. Why?
22
containsDigits
¶Define a function containsDigits
that takes a string and returns True
if there is at least one digit in the string; otherwise it returns False
.
containsDigit('The answer is 42') True
containsDigit('pi is 3.14159...') True
containsDigit('76 trombones') True
containsDigit('the cat ate the mouse') False
containsDigit('one two three') False
Use the isdigit
string method to determine if a character is a digit.
def containsDigit(phrase):
# Your code here
for char in phrase:
if char.isdigit():
return True
return False
containsDigit('The answer is 42')
True
containsDigit('pi is 3.14159...')
True
containsDigit('one two three')
False
areAllPositive
¶Define a function areAllPositive
that takes a list of numbers and returns True
if all the numbers in the list are positive; otherwise it returns False
.
areAllPositive([17, 5, -42, 16, 31]) False
areAllPositive([]) True
areAllPositive([-17, 5, -42, -16, 31]) False
areAllPositive([17, 5, 42, 16, 31]) True
def areAllPositive(listOfNums):
# Your code here
for el in listOfNums:
if el < 0:
return False
return True
areAllPositive([17, 5, -42, 16, 31]) # returns False
False
areAllPositive([]) # returns True
True
areAllPositive([-17, 5, -42, -16, 31]) # returns False
False
areAllPositive([17, 5, 16, 31]) # returns True
True
indexOf
¶Define a function indexOf
that takes two arguments, a value val
and a list elts
, and returns the first index in elts at which val appears. If val does not appear in elts, it returns -1.
indexOf(8, [8,3,6,7,2,4]) 0
indexOf(7, [8,3,6,7,2,4]) 3
indexOf(5, [8,3,6,7,2,4]) -1
There are two different approaches to this problem. Try to implement them both.
# Approach #1: use a FOR loop
def indexOf(val, elts):
# Your code here
for i in range(len(elts)):
if elts[i] == val:
return i
return -1
print(indexOf(8, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return 0
print(indexOf(7, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return 3
print(indexOf(5, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return -1
0 3 -1
# Approach #2: use a WHILE loop
def indexOf(val, elts):
# Your code here
i = 0 # accumulator variable that serves as index
while i < len(elts): # check that we haven't reached end of list of elements
if elts[i] == val:
return i
i += 1 # update accumulator
return -1
print(indexOf(8, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return 0
print(indexOf(7, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return 3
print(indexOf(5, [8,3,6,7,2,4])) # should return -1
0 3 -1
In previous lectures we have seen that it is common to use loops in conjunction with accumulating variables that accumulate results from processing elements within the loop.
Here is the definition of a sumList
function that takes a list of numbers and returns the sum of the numbers.
The accumulator in this case is a number.
def sumList(nums):
sumSoFar = 0 # initialize accumulator variable
for n in nums:
sumSoFar += n
return sumSoFar
sumList([8, 3, 10, 4, 5])
30
We can create new lists through accumulation, for example, a list of a number and its halves (see slide 5).
def halves(n):
"""Returns a list of successive halves created from n."""
result = [] # 1. initialize accumulator
while (n > 0):
result.append(n) # 2. update accumulator
n = n//2 # 3. make n smaller
return result # 4. return accumulator
# Test halves in this cell
halves(22)
[22, 11, 5, 2, 1]
We can have more than one accumulations happening at the same time, as shown in the function below:
def partialSums(nums):
"""Returns a list of partial sums from a given list."""
# initialize accumulators
sumSoFar = 0
partials = []
# continously update the accumulators
for n in nums:
sumSoFar += n
partials.append(sumSoFar)
return partials
partialSums([8, 3, 10, 4, 5])
[8, 11, 21, 25, 30]
prefixes
¶Write a function named prefixes()
that, given a string, returns a list of nonempty prefixes of the string,
ordered from shortest to longest.
prefixes('Python')
--> ['P','Py','Pyt','Pyth','Pytho','Python']
def prefixes(phrase):
"""Given a string, returns a list of nonempty prefixes of the string,
ordered from shortest to longest.
"""
# Flesh out this function body
# Your code here
prefixList = [] # accumulator to hold final result as a list
prefixSoFar = '' # accumulator to hold string value
for char in phrase:
prefixSoFar += char
prefixList.append(prefixSoFar)
return prefixList
prefixes('Python')
['P', 'Py', 'Pyt', 'Pyth', 'Pytho', 'Python']
prefixes('Constantinople')
['C', 'Co', 'Con', 'Cons', 'Const', 'Consta', 'Constan', 'Constant', 'Constanti', 'Constantin', 'Constantino', 'Constantinop', 'Constantinopl', 'Constantinople']
prefixes('oh')
['o', 'oh']
We can generate a new list by performing an operation on every element in a given list. This is called mapping.
def mapDouble(nums):
"""Given a list of numbers, returns a *new* list,
in which each element is twice the corresponding
element in the input list.
"""
result = []
for n in nums:
result.append(2*n)
return result
mapDouble([22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88])
[44, 66, 88, 110, 132, 154, 176]
YOUR TURN: Modify the function mapDouble
to become mapSquare
, and generate the list of squares for the numbers 1 to 10 (inclusive).
# define mapSquare by modifying mapDouble
def mapSquare(nums):
"""Given a list of numbers, returns a *new* list,
in which each element is the square of the corresponding
element in the input list.
"""
# Flesh out this function body
# Your code here
result = []
for n in nums:
result.append(n**2)
return result
# test mapSquare with the list of numbers from 1 to 10 inclusive, use range to generate the list
mapSquare(list(range(1, 11)))
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
mapFirstWord
¶Write a function named mapFirstWord
, which takes a list of strings in which each string has words separated by spaces. It returns a new list of the first words in each string.
def mapFirstWord(strings):
""" Given a list of (possibly multiword) strings,
returns a new list in which each element is the first word
of the corresponding string in the input list.
"""
# Flesh out this function body
# Your code here
firstWords = []
for word in strings:
first = word.split()[0]
firstWords.append(first)
return firstWords
mapFirstWord(["Ada Lerner", "Sohie Lee", "Andy Davis"])
['Ada', 'Sohie', 'Andy']
mapFirstWord (['feisty smelly dog', 'furry white bunny', 'orange clown fish'])
['feisty', 'furry', 'orange']
mapFirstWord (['Andy', 'Ada', 'Peter', 'Sohie'])
['Andy', 'Ada', 'Peter', 'Sohie']
Another common way to produce a new list is to filter an existing list, keeping only those elements that satisfy a certain predicate.
def filterEvens(nums):
"""Given a list of numbers, returns a *new* list of all
numbers in the input list that are divisible by 2.
"""
result = []
for n in nums:
if n%2 == 0:
result.append(n)
return result
NOTE: Before executing these cells, try to hypothesize what the output will be, then verify.
filterEvens([100, 21, 32, 44, 55, 71, 91, 23, 56])
[100, 32, 44, 56]
filterEvens([2, 4, 6, 8])
[2, 4, 6, 8]
filterEvens([11, 13, 15, 17, 19])
[]
filterMultiplesOfThree
¶Write a function that takes a list of numbers and returns a new list of all the numbers that are multiples of three.
def filterMultiplesOfThree(numList):
"""Returns a new list whose numbers are all multiples of three."""
# Your code here
result = []
for n in numList:
if n % 3 == 0:
result.append(n)
return result
filterMultiplesOfThree([4, 2, 3, 19, 15, 13])
[3, 15]
filterMultiplesOfThree([14, 6, 9, 17])
[6, 9]
filterElementsContaining
¶Write a function that takes a value and a list and returns a new list of all elements containing the value.
def filterElementsContaining(val, aList):
"""Return a new list whose elements are all the
elements of aList that contain val.
"""
# Flesh out this function body
# Your code here
newList = []
for item in aList:
if val in item:
newList.append(item)
return newList
filterElementsContaining('er', ['badger', 'ferret', 'mongoose', 'platypus', 'heron'])
['badger', 'ferret', 'heron']
filterElementsContaining('y', ['hairy smelly dog', 'furry white bunny', 'orange clown fish'])
['hairy smelly dog', 'furry white bunny']
We can simplify the mapping/filtering patterns with a syntactic device called list comprehension.
# The old way of doing mapping
nums = [17, 42, 6]
result = []
for x in nums:
result.append(x*2)
print(result)
[34, 84, 12]
# The new way of doing mapping
result = [x*2 for x in nums]
print(result)
[34, 84, 12]
# The old way of doing filtering
nums = [17, 42, 6]
result = []
for n in nums:
if n%2 == 0:
result.append(n)
print(result)
[42, 6]
# The new way of doing filtering
result = [n for n in nums if n%2 == 0]
print(result)
[42, 6]
YOUR TURN: Try to write the following list comprehension examples:
# Example 1: mapping with list comprehension
# generate the list of squares for range(1, 6)
# it should show [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
# Your code here
[el*el for el in range(1, 6)]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
# Example 2: mapping with list comprehension
# add the ending 'th' to all words in a phrase
phrase = "mine dog ate your shoe"
# expected phrase: ["mineth", "dogth", "ateth", "yourth", "shoeth"]
# Your code here
[item + 'th' for item in phrase.split()]
['mineth', 'dogth', 'ateth', 'yourth', 'shoeth']
# Example 3: filtering with list comprehension
# keep all words that do not end with a vowel
phrase = "what books are on sale"
# expected result: ['what', 'books', 'on']
def isVowel(char):
return char.lower() in 'aeiou'
# Your code here
[word for word in phrase.split() if not isVowel(word[-1])]
['what', 'books', 'on']
# Example 4: mapping *and* filtering with list comprehension
# return list of squares of only the odd numbers in a list
numbers = [6, 3, 2, 8, 7, 1, 5, 4]
# expected result: [9, 49, 1, 25]
# Your code here:
[n*n for n in numbers if n % 2 == 1]
[9, 49, 1, 25]
Write the function makeSquarePairs
that given a single integer num
returns a list of tuples containing all numbers from 1 to the num inclusive and their square values. An example is shown below:
makeSquarePairs(5)
[(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)]
Use list comprehension!
def makeSquarePairs(num):
# flesh out the body of this function
# you only need ONE line of code
# Your code here
return [(n, n*n) for n in range(1, num+1)]
makeSquarePairs(5)
[(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), (5, 25)]
It is possible to do both mapping and filtering in a single list comprehension. Examine the example below which filters a list by even numbers and creates a new list of their squares.
[(x**2) for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
Note that our expression for mapping still comes before the "for" and our filtering with "if" still comes after our sequence. Below is the equivalent code without list comprehensions.
newList = []
for x in range(10):
if x % 2 == 0:
newList.append(x**2)
newList
[0, 4, 16, 36, 64]
YOUR TURN: Try to write the following list comprehension examples:
# Example 1: Write a list comprehension that filters the vowels from a word
# such as beauteous and returns a list of its capitalized vowels.
word = "beauteous"
# Your code here
[letter.upper() for letter in word if isVowel(letter)]
['E', 'A', 'U', 'E', 'O', 'U']
# Example 2: Write a list comprehension that filters a list of proper nouns by length.
# It should extract nouns of length greater than 4 but less than 8 and return a list
# where the first letter is properly capitalized.
# This is a challenge!
properNouns = ["cher", "bjork", "sting", "beethoven", "prince", "madonna"]
# Your code here
[word[0].upper() + word[1:] for word in properNouns if len(word) > 4 and len(word) < 8]
['Bjork', 'Sting', 'Prince', 'Madonna']