Lab 10. Java graphics

In this lab you will:

get practice with using Java graphics object,
get practice with reading Java contracts (APIs). This is one of the most important skills that you need as a programmer!
use randomness to make your pictures more interesting.

And, most importantly, you will learn to draw cool pictures on Java applets!!

Exercise 1. Rainy Day picture.

Start off by downloading the folder lab10_programs. Open the project RainyDay.mcp and write your code in the file RainyDay.java.

Your task is to create an applet that looks like this:

Note that we don't give you the exact positions and the size of the text and the umbrellas. Try to get a close approximation, but don't worry about it too much. The goal is to let you experiment with Java graphics and to figure things out on your own.

Task 1. Writing the text.

Fill in the method writeText() to write the text "Rain, rain, go away!" as it appears on the applet. Note that you can use instance variable g to access the graphics of the applet.

Use the method drawString of the Graphics package to write the text. Click here for the description of the method.
Try to display some text on your applet using this method. It does not look very interesting, does it? This is because it is written with the default font. You need to set the font for the graphics object just as you set color for drawing, only instead of setColor() you use setFont() (see the Graphics contract).

Before you set the font, you need to create a new Font object. The Font constructor takes 3 parameters:

A font name, which is a string. It must be one of the predefined font names. Examples are: "Serif" (which is the font used in this applet), "Sans-serif", or "Monospaced".
The font style, which is a predefined instance variable. There are three options: Font.BOLD (which we use in this lab), Font.ITALIC, and Font.PLAIN (default).
The font size, an integer.

In this lab the font that you use is created like this:


Font rainfont =	new Font("Serif", Font.BOLD, 20);

You can read about the Font class in the Font contract. Please feel free to experiment with different font names, styles, and sizes! You can also change the color of the text by setting the color of the Graphics object.

Invoke your method in paint() to draw the text on the applet screen so that it looks (approximately) like on the picture above.

Task 2. drawing the umbrellas.

In this task you need to add umbrellas to your applet so that it looks like this:

Write your code for the method


	public void drawUmbrella(Point p, int length, Color c1, Color c2) {

	}

The point p contains the coordinates of the left upper corner of the rectangle containing the umbrella, the length refers to the length of the base of the umbrella top, and c1 and c2 are the colors of the top of the umbrella.

Invoke the method drawUmbrella() three times to draw the three umbrellas, as on the picture. Test your method frequently as you are writing it. Some important hints on writing this method:

use methods drawArc() and fillArc() of the class Graphics. You can read about these methods in the Graphics contract.
Read the method description carefully.
Even after you have read the description, it may be difficult to figure out how the methods works, so try it out! Experiment with different parameters. It's OK if your first picture does not look like the shape of an umbrella. Keep on trying!
When you get the correct umbrella shape, try adding color: first fill the entire shape with one color, then fill one half with one color, and the other half with the other color, and only after that add the middle part of the umbrella.
When you are done with the colors, draw the handle.

Task 3. Adding random raindrops.

Now let's add some raindrops so that the picture looks something like this:

Fill in the method drawRainDrop(Point p, int height) . Here p is the coordinates of the left upper corner of the enclosing rectangle of the raindrop, and height is the height of the entire raindrop.

There are different ways of drawing a raindrop. The raindrops that you see on the picture are made of a triangle and an arc:

Of course, in the actual picture they are filled with gray color, rather than drawn in black.

You can draw a raindrop this way, or any other way you want. Test your method by drawing one big raindrop.

When you get the correct picture of the raindrop, it's time to draw a lot of them on the applet screen (for instance, there are 150 raindrops on the picture above). Of course, you don't want to write 150 lines of code to specify the position of each of them! Instead you can use a loop and a random number generator to position the raindrops on the screen.

Randomizer: a random number generator

The class RainyDay has an instance variable ran which is a Randomizer:

	Randomizer ran = new Randomizer(); // for random raindrops

A randomizer has many methods for generating various kinds of random numbers. Here are some of them:

public boolean flip () returns "true" and "false" with equal probabilities.
public int intBetween (int lo, int hi) returns an integer at random between the two given integers: lo and hi (including the bounds). The parameters must be such that lo is less than hi. Example:
```
	int n = ran.intBetween(1,20); // n is randomly chosen between 1 and 20
```
assigns to n an integer randomly chosen between 1 and 20 (including 1 and 20). All of the numbers have the same probability.
public int evenBetween (int lo, int hi) returns a randomly chosen even number between lo and hi.
public int oddBetween (int lo, int hi) returns a randomly chosen odd number between lo and hi.

You can use the randomizer ran anywhere within the class RainyDay.

Adding many raindrops

You need to write a loop in which you draw raindrops with random positions on the applet screen. Hint: use the variables height and width which specify the size of the applet (they are defined in the method paint()). You may also randomly choose the size of raindrops, if you'd like.

Where do you add the loop in the method paint() so that the picture looks like the one above?

If you have time left, add other features to your applet!